Which describes an effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration to the New World on the populations of native civilizations in the 16th century?

states

explanation:

as the old saying goes, all politics are local. state and federal governments affect our daily lives in numerous ways. yet, in our federal system, there is supposed to be a balance between federal and state power. as james madison envisioned it in federalist no. 51, “the power surrendered by the people” would be “divided between two distinct governments,” creating a balance of power that would enable the “different governments [to] control each other.”

answer; i believe the correct answer is (the willamete valley);

answer; taking up arms to defend the nation;