Companies can make strategic planning more effective by: a. ensuring that decision making is centralized. b. making strategic planning an annual exercise. c. ensuring the participation of top management. d. focusing on short-run profitability and growth.

c. ensuring the participation of top management.

Explanation:

Business strategy sets the overall direction for the business as it focuses on defining how a business would achieve its goals, objectives, and mission; as well as the funds and material resources required to implement or execute the business plan.

Basically, companies can make strategic planning more effective by ensuring the participation of top management.

This ultimately implies that, the top or executive management of a business firm or organization which typically comprises of various board of directors are to indulge in strategic planning and dissemination of essential information from top to bottom.

d. it adversely affected american productivity