Methods dictators used after WWI to rise to power

Dictatorships are often unexpected.  They have arisen among prosperous, educated and cultured people who seemed safe from a dictatorship – in Europe, Asia and South America.

Consider Germany, one of the most paradoxical and dramatic cases.

During the late 19th century, it was widely considered to have the best educational system in the world.  If any educational system could inoculate people from barbarism, surely Germany would have led the way.  It had early childhood education -- kindergarten.  Secondary schools emphasized cultural training.  Germans developed modern research universities.  Germans were especially distinguished for their achievements in science – just think of Karl Benz who invented the gasoline-powered automobile, Rudolf Diesel who invented the compression-ignition engine, Heinrich Hertz who proved the existence of electromagnetic waves, Wilhelm Conrad Rőntgen who invented x-rays, Friedrich August Kekulé who developed the theory of chemical structure, Paul Ehrlich who produced the first medicinal treatment for syphilis and, of course, theoretical physicist Albert Einstein.  It’s no wonder so many American scholars went to German universities for their degrees during the 19th century.

After World War I, German university enrollment soared.  By 1931, it reached 120,000 versus a maximum of  73,000 before the war.  Government provided full scholarships for poor students with ability.  As one chronicler reported, a scholarship student “pays no fees at the university, his textbooks are free, and on most purchases which he makes, for clothing, medical treatment, transportation and tickets to theaters and concerts, he receives substantial reductions in price, and a student may get wholesome food sufficient to keep body and soul together.”

While there was some German anti-Semitic agitation during the late 19th century, Germany didn’t seem the most likely place for it to flourish.  Russia, after all, had pogroms – anti-Jewish rioting and persecution – for decades.  Russia’s Bolshevik regime dedicated itself to hatred – Karl Marx’s hatred for the “bourgeoisie” whom he blamed for society’s ills.  Lenin and his successor Stalin pushed that philosophy farther, exterminating the so-called “rich” who came to include peasants with one cow.