1. Which of the following best describes an effect of the activities described in the passage? a. The abandonment of most French colonies in the Caribbean
b. The rapid emigration of large numbers of French citizens to Canada
c. The elimination of European rivals from France's colonial sphere of interest
d. The establishment of a French-speaking colonial trade empire in North America

2. Which of the following contributed to the development of the trans-Saharan routes shown in the map?

a. The rise of accessible river cities such as Timbuktu
b. The arrival of desirable trade goods from the Red Sea
c. Climate shifts that reduced desert vegetation coverage
d. The spread of camels that could travel farther without water