Several countries such as Portugal and Germany, etc. had colonies in the past, but France and the United Kingdom possessed the most colonies in 1914. It is believed that more developed economies with high GNI per capita have achieved their wealth partly through colonization and in postcolonial era, through neocolonial relations. One such indication of neocolonial influence is aid dependency. What are the economic characteristics of former colonies?

a. Both income and aid dependency for former colonies are generally low.
b. Most of the former colonies of the United Kingdom and France have incomes that fall below $5,000 with a very high aid dependency.
c. Most of the former colonies of the United Kingdom and France have low incomes ranging between $5,000 and $10,000.
d. The former colonies of Portugal generally have better income than those of the Netherlands.