Gerrymandering, the convoluted drawing of political districts to disenfranchise a group of people, a. happens mainly in unitary systems of government, not in federal or confederal systems.

b. is never a problem in the United States because of congressional oversight of the process.

c. was a problem in the early 20th century when white politicians used it to take away voting power from African Americans, but it no longer occurs in the United States.

d. is a problem today when the political party in power in a state is able to take votes away from other political parties.

e. is mainly a problem in developing countries where politicians are corrupt and susceptible to bribery.