How did openness directly affect Chinese culture? O It suppressed traditional culture. It made English an important element of culture. O It increased the influence of minority cultures. It increased exposure to Western culture.

It increased exposure to Western culture.

Explanation:

The way that openness directly affect Chinese culture was that it increased the exposure to Western culture.

Through openess, Chinese interacted and communicated with people form other cultures despite the cultural differences.

This is vital in the building of relationships with others from different ethnic groups, national origin etc. This brought about the exposure to the Western culture.

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation: