4. which characteristic of the avignon papacy drew harsh criticism?
a) inclusion of women in church services
b) lavish lifestyle
c) persecution of non-christians
d) worship of icons

b) Lavish lifestyle.

Explanation:

The Avignon Papacy is the duration of time from 1309-77 when the popes of the catholic papal in Rome made their official residence in Avignon instead of Rome. It has also been referred to as "Babylonian captivity", making references to the lifestyle of the people of Babylon with that of the popes in Avignon. They indulged in a lifestyle of worldly pleasures which is quite ironic with their position and purpose. This lavish lifestyle during the Avignon papacy drew lots of criticism from all angles, including St. Catherine of Sienna. She sent a letter to Pope Gregory VI to try to persuade the shifting of the papacy from Avignon back to Rome, it's official place of residence.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

when people started to question traditional christian beliefs, they became criminals in the eyes of the church: they were accused of heresy and then, executed. the church held unbelievable power and anyone who tried to defy it or its beliefs, was demonized and persecuted.

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