In 1095, Pope called for a crusade to liberate the city of from Muslim control, promising that each crusader would receive entrance into heaven and . People had many reasons for joining a crusade, including to defend Christendom and to

How did the church gain secular power? a) monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. b) the church issued interdicts, laws passed by the church regardless of secular law. c) the church's power to deny the sacraments gave the church power over christians. d) canon law established secular courts under the control of the church.