The positive effect on the environment that the Kyoto Protocol intended to achieve failed because developing countries were exempt.
failed because the US did not sign the agreement.
succeeded because overall emissions were reduced.
succeeded because all countries signed the agreement.

failed because developing countries were exempt.

Explanation:

The "Kyoto Protocol" was an international agreement that aimed to cut down the global gases around the world. It was adopted first in Kyoto in 1997. This was the time when the concern for the rising greenhouse gases was alarming. It mandated the countries which were industrialized to cut down their global emissions, this included the USA.

Although the U.S.A signed the agreement at first, they dropped out from it because they felt it was unfair since the developing countries like China and India were exempted from it. The protocol failed because most of the emissions came from the developing countries which were exempted and this increased the overall gas emissions around the world.

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.

your answer will be b. improving roads, bridges, and other infrastructure. hope i !