How would you describe the relationship between civilization and the state? How might the state help carry out a civilizing mission? Thanks fer helping :)

One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. the professor is shaken up but survives the accident. however, the next time he starts to enter the intersection,he becomes nervous and fearful. soon,he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection even though this route adds twenty minutes to his commute in each direction. according to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become scared of the previously harmless intersection? what can he do about this, as going via other route is very time consuming? be specific. break down the situation into its parts and show how the principles of learning apply.

"if i have seen farther than others," said newton, "it is because i have stood on the shoulders of giants." who were the giants to whom newton was referring? could this be said of any scientific accomplishment? explain.

The directory was unsuccessful and was eventually replaced because no constitution had been created that outlined its authority. it was connected with the reign of terror. its members did not get along with napoleon. the national convention did not agree with the directory's decisions.