234 ... We must also acknowledge that durable peace and post-conflict development depend on environmental
protection and good governance of natural resources. There can be no peace if the resource base that people
depend on for sustenance and income is damaged or destroyed or if illegal exploitation finances or causes
conflict.
Since 1990, at least 18 violent conflicts have been fuelled by the exploitation of natural resources such as
timber, minerals, oil and gas. Sometimes this is caused by environmental damage and the marginalization
[making powerless) of local populations who fail to benefit economically from natural resource exploitation.
More often it is caused by greed. ...
To date, six United Nations peacekeeping missions have been mandated to support the host country's ability
to re-establish control over its resource base and stop illicit [unlawful] extraction by armed groups.
However, we need a greater international focus on the role of natural resource management in conflict
prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding..
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two months after his defeat of napoleon bonaparte's colonial forces, jean-jacques dessalines proclaims the independence of saint-domingue, renaming it haiti after its original arawak name. in 1791, a slave revolt erupted on the french colony, and toussaint-louverture, a former slave, took control of the rebels.

from the religious point of view, the conflicts began because of the enmity between catholic and protestants. in 1649, at the insistence of baltimore, the colonial assembly approved the act of religious tolerance, the first law in the colonies granting freedom of worship, though only for christians. in 1654, however, with the protestants of maryland in the majority, the act was revoked. the almost civil war broke out and order was not restored until 1658, when lord baltimore was returned to power.

on the issue of class conflict, the chesapeake region offered few economic opportunities to contract employees who had served their term of obligation. even with the small amount of capital needed to grow tobacco, former hired servants at best became subsistence farmers, a mature class for those called to rebellion, such as those proposed by nathaniel bacon. as the number of new hired workers declined because of limited chances of progress and reports of severe treatment, they were replaced by african slaves.

from the racial point of view, after 1660, the chesapeake colonies imposed laws that defined slavery as a lifelong and hereditary condition based on race. this made slaves profitable because planters could rely not only on their work but also on their children. the slave population, which numbered four thousand in virginia and maryland in 1675, grew significantly by the end of the century.