PLEASE HELP!! Why was Islam able to spread from Spain to India in the Middle Ages?

From this passage, it is clear that president jackson believes the second bank of the united states

Which of these statements describes a long-term impact of european imperialism in africa? a. african countries joined together to present a united front against imperialism. b. europeans paid african countries after colonizing them, offering these new countries a fresh start. c. european powers drew the current borders, splitting ethnic groups among modern countries. d. africans became more loyal to their countries than to their ethnic groups.

Which of these is an edge city? boston, ma chicago, il irvine, ca detroit, mi