How did Jefferson, in 1810 out of office only a year, explain his reluctance to engage in political debate or even to keep up with current events in the newspapers?

Because he believed politics negatively affect his mental health.

Explanation:

In 1810, he sent  a letter to one of his friend. A man named David Howell.

In that letter, he briefly implied how hard it is to be a high ranking government officials. Having to made all kinds of decision that will benefit a certain group of people while causing problems to the other. It's exhausting.

This is the reason of his reluctance to engage in political topics. He wanted to take a break from all of it.

To proof this point, I will quote the things that He stated  in that letter:

"My object too at present is peace and tranquility, neither doing nor saying any thing to  be quoted, or to make me the subject of newspaper disquisitions. "

- a government ruled by the people, or assembly. officials monarchy - a single ruler like a king. over time some city-states, like athens would change governments. what this means is that all the citizens voted on all the laws.