1. From 1096 to 1270, a series of military expeditions to the Middle East, called the Crusades, tried to recapture the "Holy Land" – the city of – from the Muslims

The excerpt is referring to The Crusades

Explanation:

The Crusades were a series of holy wars that were started by Pope Urban in the year 1096. The main goal of the Crusades was to take Christian control of the Holy Land (Palestine) which were at the time under Muslim control.

The Crusades were only partially successful in this aspect, although it was more successful in promoting trade relations and networks between the Muslims and the Christians.

the answer is b: the religion they practice.

here's why:

there were many different native american tribes and those with similar characteristics formed a main tribe or nation. each had its own language, religion and customs.

the alfred thayer mahan award for literary achievement is awarded each year by the navy league of the united states. the award is named for an american naval historian and theorist, rear admiral alfred thayer mahan, united states navy who, through his writing, provided stimulus and guidance to those who share in the defense of the nation. presented since 1957, "this award for literary achievement is awarded to a u.s. navy officer, u.s. marine corps officer, enlisted service member, or civilian who has made a notable literary contribution that has advanced the knowledge of the importance of sea power in the united states."[1]