1. truman wanted to avoid an invasion of japan because he believed that
a) japan's culture would be ruined.
b) japanese losses would be heavy.
c) americans would suffer heavy losses.
d) the japanese would use the atomic bomb.

2. which country was referred to as the "soft underbelly" of europe by winston churchill?
a) spain
b) italy
c) turkey
d) poland

1. Truman wanted to avoid an invasion of Japan because he believed that Americans would suffer heavy losses. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option or option "C". 

2. "Italy" was the country that was referred to as the "soft underbelly" of Europe by Winston Churchill. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is option "B".