2. How did native communities respond to the Europeans? Did all native groups everywhere view the arrival of the Spaniards in the same manner? What prompted many native communities to make alliances with the Spaniards instead of fighting (or continuing to fight)? 3. How did European impressions of native peoples change over time, and how did they remain the same?

4. How does the writing of history reflect power relations? How were these relations contested in this period?

This is specifically the invasion of the Spaniards to conquer indigenous people's mainland from the Caribbean (the Americas). I'll mark you as Brainlist!

2. From a Native American perspective, the initial intentions of Europeans were not always immediately clear. Some Indian communities were approached with respect and in turn greeted the odd-looking visitors as guests. For many indigenous nations, however, the first impressions of Europeans were characterized by violent acts including raiding, murder, and kidnapping. Perhaps the only broad generalization possible for the cross-cultural interactions of this time and place is that every group—whether indigenous or colonizer, elite or common, female or male, elder or child—responded based on their past experiences, their cultural expectations, and their immediate circumstances.

4. History and Theory is the premier international journal in the field of theory and philosophy of history. Founded in 1960, History and Theory publishes articles, review essays, and summaries of books principally in these areas: critical philosophy of history, cause, explanation, interpretation, objectivity; speculative philosophy of history, comparative and global history; historiography, theoretical dimensions of historians' debates; history of historiography, theory and practice of past historians and philosophers of history; historical methodology, examination of texts and other evidence, ,stylistics; critical theory, Marxism, deconstruction, gender theory, psychoanalysis; time and culture, conceptions of humanity-in-time; related disciplines, interactions between history and the natural and social sciences, the humanities, and psychology.

And the others I don't know, sorry.

don't know but i know the moderators know how to. : (

the correct answer is a) egypt and china.

egypt and china are two of the world’s oldest civilizations known by man. both ancient empires have left a great historic and cultural legacy to the world through archeology. both civilzations developed complex social relations, had deep religious beliefs, had dominion of agriculture and left writing records to understand their customs and culture.

among the requirements to consider a civilization, we find urbanization, writing records, a place of residence, agriculture methods, technological specialization, means of transportation, currency, population density, social stratification, and political integration.