How did the popes move to avignon and the establishment of rival popes encourge reformers?

The economy shifted from to industrial during the first industrial revolution

For each statement, select whether it is true of the central pacific railroad, the union pacific railroad, or both. it began in nebraska. it began in california. it went through the sierra nevada. it went through the rocky mountains.

Who ever answers first gets ! trade in the vedic age led to a.the rise of kingdoms because of the importance of controlling land and long-distance travel routes b.the building of an extensive system of roads because of the difficult terrain c.the creation of a large banking class because of the need to exchange different currencies d.the development of a centralized government that controlled the economic decisions of its people