Who led the English commonwealth?

Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658)

Richard Cromwell (1658–1659)

Explanation:

During the first three years following Charles I's execution, however, he was chiefly absorbed in campaigns against the Royalists in Ireland and Scotland.

it's a secular holiday. it is and was a custom developed to recognize the ending of a time and a wish for a good future. the kind of kiss you exchange, if you are single, is intended to predict what kind of year you will have in the coming year.

it is saying good bye to the last year with all its ups and downs, and hello to the new year, with all its hopes and dreams.

the award is named for an american naval historian and theorist, rear admiral alfred thayer mahan, united states navy who, through his writing, provided stimulus and guidance to those who share in the defense of the nation.