What was the significance of political parties in the late nineteenth century?

Political parties within the 19th century thought of themselves as armies—as disciplined, hierarchical fighting organizations whose mission it had been to defeat a clearly identified opponent. If defeated themselves, they knew the way to retreat, regroup, and fight again another day. If they won, then the victory was sweet.

the influence of daoism, buddhism, and legalism on chinese culture. unlike confucianism, daoism looked to nature rather than human beings as the source of morality. according to laozi, human society has to conform to the dao (the way), or the essential unifying element of all that is. some interpret dao as nature.

i think you may have asked this twice, but i answered one of the