How did Darwin react when watching an operation on a child (in the era
before anesthetics)? *

He left the theatre, and was emotionally scarred

Explanation:

According to his own journals, he attended a live operation on a child and left before it was complete. He said "This is was long before the blessed days of chloroform..." he never attended again and was emotionally scarred by the screams and the gore of the scene. It was famously a turning point in his views, he didnt understand how anyone could send their loved one under the surgeons knife without any form of numbing. He was also terrified at the sight of blood.

by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy

electricity

so thats all folks