How did the Dred Scott decision affect free African Americans?

What triumphs did the late 19th century witness in the realms of industrial growth, urbanization, and technological innovation? what challenges did these developments pose for urban dwellers, workers, and recent immigrants? how did city officials and everyday citizens respond to these challenges?

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The chinese exclusion act was the first significant law restricting immigration into the united states. why do you think the us government singled out chinese immigrants in particular for exclusion?