In the 1980s and early 1990s, joan moore conducted extensive research on female gangs in los angeles. she found in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the black legion, cherries, elks, and black cats were all examples of:

The correct answer to the following question will be "Independent female gangs ".

Explanation:

The women leaders create their internal guidelines in autonomous female groups and gangs, and will not be superiors to male gang bangers. Joan Moore did extensive work on women communities throughout the 1980s and initial 1990s.Female run groups are considered to be similar to male groups as well as function just about as ruthlessly as they do.

Therefore the black legions, elks, as well as black cats are all instances of women independent groups.