How did the rise of religious fundamentalism affect the Middle East during the 20th century?

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

studies show tha in 7.5 billion years from now, the expanding sun will engulf, and destroy, the earth.