Increased trade began to stimulate the growth of commercial such Bruges, Hamburg, or Florence, in the heart of Europe. Service providers and craftspeople set up businesses in these towns, further stimulating growth. Among those providing services were:.

The answer is guilds

Explanation:

In flourishing medieval cities such as Bruges, Hamburg, Florence, and also others such as Genoa, Venice, and Ragusa, increased trade stimulated economic activity.

People began to move to the cities from the countryside looking for jobs, and organized themselves in guilds: associations of people who had a common trade, or a common profession.

There were guilds of merchants, shoemakers, clothes makers, leather workers, blacksmiths, barbers, tanners, and so on.

These guilds worked almost like trade unions: they controlled the labor market for the trade, allowing or denying entry to new people, and influencing wages.

the graph shows the spread of railways in the 1800s.

based on the graph, the conclusion that can be drawn about germany is answer d)   by 1880, germany had more rail lines than great britain and russia.

after defeating german forces in north africa allied leaders turned their attention to "italy," since this was the location that made the most geographic sense before invading northern europe via france.