Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam

the results of roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. julius caesar gained power and became a dictator but was then assassinated. the reign of augustus began a long period of imperial rule and peace in the roman empire. rome faced the problems of how to maintain peace, law, and order.

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declare war, appoint military officers, sign treaties, make alliances

therefore no one will be declared righteous in god's sight by the works of the law; rather, through the law we become conscious of our sin.   romans 3: 20