Exploration was carried outa. competitively among European nations. b. cooperatively between the peoples of the world. c. cooperatively between the nations of Europe. d. with a sense of goodwill toward all people.

A. Competitively among European nations

Explanation:

From the fifteenth century to the eighteenth century several European countries invested heavily on overseas explorations, which lead to the discovery of America, Australia, Africa and Asia. taking into account the colonization of new communities and domains or the use of unexplored trading routes which had significant economic advantages in terms of trade, workforce and resources for the European countries which lead to most of them competing for the territories. Thus, exploration was largely done in a competitive way among European countries rather than in a cooperative way or thinking about the welfare of people as the most important focus were the good resources in whatever form and economic advantages and each country wanted to a good level of control over others.

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).