The. .were said to protect America, but were actually intended to crush opposition to war.

Each country is required to have a set of institutions which are present there in order to make some decision while they are chasing some military, political, or economical related objective or goal. As there are different factors inside any civilization or we can say nation that makes a great impact while the countries or nations are passing through any situation.  

i do believe its (d) it allowed the government to offer pioneers sixty acres of western land if they lived on it and made improvements to it.

explanation: signed into law in may 1862, the homestead act opened up settlement in the western united states, allowing any american, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. by the end of the civil war, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed in the postwar years