What does the phrase “never borne arms against the U. S.” mean? Why was this included in the Homestead Act?

"Never borne arms against the U.S." means that "he" has never opposed the U.S. and that he hasn't helped the enemies of the U.S. Sadly, I can only answer one half of your question for now, but I hope this helps!

the federalist party which advocated strong centralization dominated the united states government till 1800. so 1800 election transformed the power from one party to another party for the first time and was thus a turning point in american history. so jefferson called it "revolution of 1800".

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the answer would be a i think?