Why, after centuries as the “underdog,” was Europe by the early nineteenth century finally able to challenge the power of the Islamic empire?

More than 4 million enslaved hunan beings in the south and they touched every aspect of the regions social, political and economic life.

Answer: tokugawa ieyasu (徳川家康, january 31, 1543 – june 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the tokugawa shogunate of japan, which effectively ruled japan from the battle of sekigahara in 1600 until the meiji restoration in 1868.