When social institutions fail to meet the needs of the people, societies such as the united states often attempt to correct those failures. each of these is an example of this idea, except
a) the thirteenth amendment.
b) plessy v. ferguson.
c) the civil rights act of 1964.
d) brown v. board of education of topeka.

each of these is an example of this idea, except :

brown v. board of education of topeka

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

the answer would be c