Which of the following were at any point three successful trade routes to the orient from europe?

across the mediterranean by boat, by land to the persian gulf, by boat to china
around north america to the north by ship
overland to china from the middle east
around the southern tip of africa by ship

the roman army grew in size and became dominant in the mediterranean region.

the stamp act was passed by the british parliament on march 22, 1765. the new tax was imposed on all american colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed.