What were the enforcement acts of 1870-1871?
a. these were acts designed to force more participation in voting by southern democrats who had left politics during reconstruction.
b. these were acts designed to prevent fraud and election-tampering in southern reconstruction elections.
c. these were acts designed to protect blacks and white republicans from the intimidation tactics of white supremacist groups like the klan and the white league.
d. these were acts designed to stop the corrupt influence of political leaders like "boss" tweed in tammany hall.
e. these were penalties against ex-confederates who tried to participate in the political process without congressional approval.