Which factor provided the motivation for the changes that took place between 1858 and 1870 as indicated on these maps?

1) exploration
2) appeasement
3) religion
4) nationalism

The question of what caused the full effects of the radical stage, also called the second french revolution by some historians, which shook the political and social reforms in france have caught the attention of many scholars, particularly because of principles implemented during this stage which is contradictory to the fundamental principle of the french revolution itself, by using dictatorship to create equality.