Harmony is to be valued, and an avoidance of wanton opposition to be honored. all men are influenced by class feelings, and there are few who are intelligent. hence there are some who disobey their lords and fathers, or who maintain feuds with neighboring villages. but when those above are harmonious and those below are friendly, and there is concord in the discussion of business, right view of things spontaneously gain acceptance. from shotoku, the seventeen article constitution, 604 ce:

when you begin to think of yourself, you’ll get irritated at your parents’ concern and defy their instructions. even if your parents may be stupid, if you obey their instructions, at least you won’t be violating the principle of nature. from shiba yoshimasa, advice to young samurai, 14001.

1. the above passages reflect:

(a). the influence of confucian beliefs borrowed from china in japan.

(b). the bushido code of the samurai.

(c) the rejection of chinese influence in japanese court life.

(d) the uniqueness of japan as the “middle kingdom.”

i think its either b or c

explanation:

sorry i tried to but i didn’t get it

`stare decisis is a legal doctrine that obligates courts to follow historical cases when making a ruling on a similar current or future case. stare decisis ensures that cases with identical facts be approached in the same way, unless overruled by the same court or a higher court such as the us supreme court. simply put, it binds courts to follow legal precedents set by previous decisions.

stare decisis is a latin term meaning "to stand by that which is decided".

after a more than a decade and a half of combating al qaeda (aq) in afghanistan and pakistan,

the united states faces a diverse array of threats from al qaeda affiliates in the middle east and

africa. while senior al qaeda figures reportedly remain based in pakistan, the network includes

a number of affiliates across the middle east and africa including al qaeda in the arabian

peninsula (aqap), al qaeda in the islamic maghreb (aqim), and al shabaab. al qaeda also

retains a small but possibly growing presence in afghanistan. u.s. officials have stated that al

qaeda still maintains a foothold in syria through its ties to hay’at tahrir al sham (formerly

known as the nusra front), though the exact nature of that relationship may be evolving. this

report examines the threat posed by al qaeda affiliates in the middle east and africa as described

by u.s. officials and outside observers, as well as the u.s. approach to date in responding to these

threats. this was all i could find hope this : )