Geography ensure that the people of the phoenician empire would be

Traders.

Explanation:

The Phoenician's closeness to the Mediterranean allowed them to create a trading empire that by the 9th century BCE had become one of the largest of the ancient world. Since they were located on a small coastal area of the Levant, they applied their extraordinary seafaring skills to create a network of colonies and trade stations over the Mediterranean. Their main trade routes were Greece, southern Europe, the Atlantic coast of Africa, and Britain. Furthermore, Arabia and India were contacted through the Red Sea, and Western Asia was connected by land routes.

a, c, & d are correct:

they wanted lands to settle the extra population.

they wanted new markets for english goods.

they wanted to avoid civil war.

ayatollah khomeini can best be described as the leader who declared iran to be an islamic republic.