“all legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the united states, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives.”
- from article i, section 1 of the united states constitution

“the executive power shall be vested in a president of the united states of america.”
- from article ii, section 1 of the united states constitution

“the judicial power of the united states, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish.”
- from article iii, section 1 of the united states constitution

i will give 35 points and if you answer both give you brainest

1)
which structural characteristic is most evident in the excerpts from the united states constitution?
a) the united states uses a system of federalism to govern.
b) the united states employs a republican form of government.
c) the structure of government of the united states is built on separation of powers.
d) the structure of government of the united states protects the civil liberties of its citizens.
2)
based on the excerpts and prior knowledge, the policy-making (law-making) process is formally initiated by which branch of government?
a) the policy-making process is created by judicial activism of the courts.
b) the policy-making process is introduced by the president through his state of the union address.
c) the policy-making process is begun by a member of congress, who introduces legislation into one of the houses.
d) the beginning of the policy-making is always formally initiated by a combination of the branches of government working together.