2. how did napoleon's invasion and occupa-
tion of spain affect the spanish colonies in
south america?

When Napoleon occupied Spain, this severed the link between Spain and its colonies. Creoles in the colonies saw this as an opportunity to restore their position in colonial society, which had been diminished buy Spanish policies. Some even sought to free themselves entirely from Spanish rule.

Explanation:

freedom of speech is also protected by the 1 amendment.

explanation:

here is pretty much what the 1st amendment says:

congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

an era of negotiation.

is that an answer to your question?