The study of modern management began in the late nineteenth century with the which took a rational, scientific approach to management and sought to turn organizations into efficient operating machines.

The classical perspective is the correct answer.

Explanation:

The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of the classical perspective of management. This perspective focused on the output of employees, improving efficiency, productivity, and the business. A major drawback of this perspective was it didn't focus on human behavior and variance among the employees and how job satisfaction improves employee efficiency. It was introduced by Fredrick Winslow Taylor. He thought that the worker's productivity can be completely controlled by managing it as a science. So he used the scientific method of measurement and created guidelines for the management and training of the employees, which came to be known as the Classical perspective of management.

saint clair’s defeat, (november 4, 1791), one of the worst defeats ever suffered by u.s. forces in indian warfare, precipitated by british-indian confrontation with settlers and militia in the northwest territory following the american revolution. despite specific provisions in the treaty of 1783 for the evacuation of its forts on the northwestern border, britain had failed to yield these lucrative fur-trading posts. in hopes of reclaiming lost hunting grounds with british support, a northwest indian confederation was gradually molded between 1785 and 1787, consisting mainly of shawnee, delaware, ottawa, iroquois, ojibwa, miami, and potawatomi. kentucky frontiersmen reacted to this threat by initiating raiding parties on native villages as early as 1788, and indian warfare flared up the following year.

uncle sam would be tossing and turning in his grave : *)