Which kind of region is based upon people’s shared language customs and art?

Cultural Region

Explanation: In anthropology and geography, a cultural region or cultural sphere refers to the aspects of culture associated with an ethnolinguistic group and the territory it inhabits. Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state, or to smaller subdivisions of a state. Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on the particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs. dress and architecture vs. language.

b. africa to the americas

explanation:

they lost control of territory in the middle east, but preserved turkey's political independence.