During the late 1700s and early 1800s, pirates from located in north africa, interfered with american shipping in the mediterranean sea.

barbary states for example: Morocco,Algiers,Tunis, and Tripoli

two months after his defeat of napoleon bonaparte's colonial forces, jean-jacques dessalines proclaims the independence of saint-domingue, renaming it haiti after its original arawak name. in 1791, a slave revolt erupted on the french colony, and toussaint-louverture, a former slave, took control of the rebels.

b. native americans them