Where did the protestant reformation begin?
northern europe
spain
england
the american colonies

   Northern Europe

Explanation:  The Protestant Reformation was a movement within the Catholic Church primarily led by Martin Luther and then John Calvin. Everything started in Germany in 16th century, when Martin Luther raised the issue of forgiving sins by the Church with monetary compensation and many other irregularities and deviations from the original teachings. His intention is to reform within the Church itself in the form of 95 theses, but he was therefore thrown out, and thus a movement was created with the goal of a major religious, political and social change under the guidance of Martin Luther, called Protestantism or Lutheranism. This is considered one of the great revolutions within the Church or the religious revolution. Later, this movement expanded widely in Northern Europe.

a.

congress passed laws allowing for free passage between states.

it increase by 12% a year from 1812-1820