In africa, an effectof topography and climate has been to
a) encourage rapid industrialization of the interior
b) prevented the development of kingdoms
c)promoted large-scale trade between africa and asia
d) promoted the growth of diverse societies

The topography  and climate led to the growth of trade between Africa and Asia and the growth of diverse societies.

Explanation: Africa is a rich and diverse continent. It is connected to Africa as a result of the Indian Ocean. Diverse societies developed in the African interior and along the coast.

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