While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

a. they were better able to leverage grant money
b. they consistently upheld ethical standards.
c. they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church
d. they were most effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments
e. their support for the democratic party to balance small-town republic power.

The correct answer is: d. they were most effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments

Big City political bosses served as surrogate governments for new immigrants who were being failed by state and local governments that didn't want them in the country to begin with.

i think it's a)sparta

the dominoes began to fall. the surrender at appomattox took place a week later on april 9. while it was the most significant surrender to take place during the civil war, gen. robert e. lee, the confederacy's most respected commander, surrendered only his army of northern virginia to union gen. ulysses s. grant

explanation: