Which of the first four caliphs were directly related to muhammad? which were not not?

The first four Caliphs after the Prophet Muhammad are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs:

1. Abu Bakr

2. Umar ibn al-Khattab .

3. Uthman ibn Affan

4. Ali ibn Abi Talib

the results of roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. julius caesar gained power and became a dictator but was then assassinated. the reign of augustus began a long period of imperial rule and peace in the roman empire. rome faced the problems of how to maintain peace, law, and order.

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brainliest?

cur

explanation:

cancer