Which new models did the ottomans adopt during the nineteenth century to adapt themselves to the western challenge?

The Ottoman sultans’ fascination with European art, which had so strongly influenced the arts of the eighteenth century, played an equally important role in the nineteenth. Just as they attempted to solve the empire’s problems with the adoption of European systems of law, military, and even dress, so European-style art seemed the most appropriate form of expression for what the country perceived as its own modern and cosmopolitan culture.

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