Which statement best describes the passage’s main idea?

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The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement that urged people to use their reason to make life and society better. "Dare to know!  Have the courage to use your intelligence!" was how one Enlightenment thinker (Immanuel Kant) summed up what they meant by "enlightenment." One area where they applied reasoning and investigation to seek solutions was in regard to the organization of politics.  The rights of people to assemble for political discourse, as well as the rights of people to participate in the rule (governing) of their own societies were outgrowths of the Enlightenment emphasis.

A leading example of Enlightenment thinking in regard to politics was the English philosopher John Locke -- his work was key to starting the Enlightenment movement.  John Locke argued the idea of a "social contract."  According to his view, a government's power to govern comes from the consent of the people themselves -- those who are to be governed.  This was a change from the previous ideas of "divine right monarchy" -- that a king ruled because God appointed him to be the ruler.  Locke repudiated the views of divine right monarchy in his First Treatise on Civil Government (1690).  In his Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690), Locke argued for the rights of the people to create their own governments according to their own desires and for the sake of protecting their own life, liberty, and property.

Enlightenment political ideas had strong impact already by the end of the  18th century.  The American founding fathers read Enlightenment political writers; the American Revolution (1775-1783) was inspired by such ideas.

Also the French Revolution (1789-1799) took cues from the political philosophy of Enlightenment philosophers.  They overthrew the unwanted monarchy of Louis XVI and established a representative republic.

1. between 1754 and 1763

2. a land bridge between siberia and alaska that was exposed during the most recent ice age when the waters of the bering strait receded.

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