What factors in the layer model could affect the skin temperature?

In layer model, we relate the radiative force to the change in earth's surface temperature.

meanwhile ,The skin temperature is the amount of temperature that reflected back to the space through atmosphere's layers.

Basically, The factors that could affect skin temperature is he green house effects, which mean the more amount of sunlight that is trapped inside the earth surface, the less it's reflected outside.

The social difference that caused sectionalism in the antebellum era would be c.)  north was disorganized. the north had slow population growth, where as the south had mass immigration.hope this really mark