What would de tocqueville later call civic responsibility? 1) liberty 2) laissez-faire 3) individualism 4) populism

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

what does your friend need with?