He study of metals and the process for refining and making things from them is called philosophy chemistry metallurgy inductive reasoning

metallurgy is your answer

The "study of metals and the process of refining (them)"

Note that it says metal. Metallurgy has the word "Metal" in it, and so is most likely your answer (and is your answer).

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although the crusades failed to capture jerusalem, they had several major impacts on western europe. they increased the authority of the king: sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades.

congress also has implied powers, which derive from the necessary and proper clause of the constitution and permit congress "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states.